Swanson-Baumol Prior Theoretical Work The Swanson-Baumol 2005 work is a seminal paper in antitrust and patent law. Swanson and Baumol argue that once a technology is adopted into a standard, the patent holder gains immense market power. This is not…
Compared with the Additive and Multiplicative Rivals
The Harmonic Mean Bias in Ratio-Based Profit Level Indicators
Why Induced Heteroscedasticity Compounds the Intercept Bias
This article shows that ratio-based profit level indicators (PLIs)—including return on assets (ROA), Berry ratio, and operating margin—are biased estimators of the structural profit rate when the underlying relationship between...
Abstract The perpetual inventory method (PIM) for estimating capital stock (PPENT) is attributed to Raymond Goldsmith (1951). Goldsmith provided conceptual descriptions without explicit algebraic derivations—a ceremonial citation. However, the extended PIM formula with geometrically declining weights is the standard solution…
1. Introduction Transfer pricing practice relies on ratio analysis. Operating profit divided by revenue, operating profit divided by total cost, operating profit divided by operating assets—these profit level indicators (PLIs) are ratios of the form m(i) = Y(i) / X(i).…
Introduction Extending algebraic developments from Ednaldo Silva, I formalize a truncation of the perpetual‑inventory method (PIM) equation with explicit and tractable error bounds. This treatment of finite‑sample PIM truncation does not appear in standard asset‑valuation cookbooks. Framework Consider the case…
A complete statistical procedure for transfer pricing practitioners. Transfer pricing practice usually determines the arm’s length range using the interquartile range of the chosen profit indicator, defined as a ratio m(i) = Y(i)/X(i) across comparable companies.
Return on Assets and the Harmonic Mean
On May 23, 2017, the OECD released a draft of Action 8 of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) plan, providing taxpayers and tax administrations with a new transfer pricing approach to measure hard-to-value-intangibles (HTVI):
Transfer pricing industry practice traditionally employs descriptive ratio analysis under 26 CFR 1.482-5(b)(4)(ii) within the Comparable Profits Method (CPM) to determine an arm’s length range.
In this part of the article, I follow closely the exposition of the valuation formulas in the Financial Theory and Corporate Policy textbook by Copeland, Weston and Shastri.
Interest stripping is a tax technique where a company uses high-interest, intercompany debt to shift profits from high-tax jurisdictions to low-tax jurisdictions, by creating significant deductible expenses for the borrowing entity of the MNE.
From Equation Counting to Class Conflict: A Mathematical Reading of Political Economy
Introduction When applying the Comparable Profits Methods (CPM), Return on Assets (ROA) is often used as a Profit Level Indicator (PLI) to establish, in principle, the arm’s length price for a related party transaction. In general, this PLI is given…
Analysts often work with ratios. Whether examining price-to-earnings ratios in finance or profit indicators in transfer pricing, the ratio m(i) = Y(i) / X(i) is often reported. However, this simple ratio masks a systematic bias that affects quartile estimates and other location parameters.
Controlling producer price inflation (PPI) doesn’t require austerity.
Using a less reliable (higher variance) adjusted profit indicator violates the scientific principle of minimizing measurement error. Avoiding error propagation is essential for producing credible and reproducible estimates.
The profit rate identity can be estimated as a dynamic framework using an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model.
Some basic rules of differential calculus are useful for understanding economic discourse, such as discussions in business or financial media about U.S. economic performance.